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Shengavit Settlement
The Shengavit Settlement ((アルメニア語:Շենգավիթ հնավայր) (''Shengavit' hnavayr'')) is an archaeological site in present day Yerevan, Armenia located on a hill south-east of Lake Yerevan. It was inhabited during a series of settlement phases from approximately 3200 BC cal to 2500 BC cal in the Kura Araxes (Shengavitian) Period of the Early Bronze Age and irregularly re-used in the Middle Bronze Age until 2200 BC cal. The town occupied an area of six hectares. It appears that Shengavit was a societal center for the areas surrounding the town due to its unusual size, evidence of surplus production of grains, and metallurgy, as well as its monumental 4 meter wide stone wall. Four smaller village sites of Moukhannat, Tepe, Khorumbulagh, and Tairov have been identified and were located outside the walls of Shengavit. Its pottery makes it a type site of the Kura-Araxes or Early Transcaucasian Period and the Shengavitian culture area.〔(Hakop Simonyan, Shengavit: an Early Transcaucasian Site in Yerevan on the Ararat Plain, Republic of Armenia )〕
== History of excavation ==
Excavations at Shengavit began in 1938 under the guidance of E. Bayburdian who dug a trial trench at the hill which in turn led to further archaeological work to be done at the site. S.A. Sardarian resumed the excavations in 1958 but his work was poorly recorded. He left insufficient records to pinpoint exact locations where artifacts were found. Work began once again in 2000 under Hakop Simonyan, who dug stratigraphic trenches at the edges of Bayburdian and Sardarian’s old trenches to indicate the various strata levels at the town. Simonyan continued excavating until 2008. In 2009, he was joined by Mitchell S Rothman from Widener University Chester PA USA. Together they conducted three excavation seasons in 2009, 2010, and 2012. During this time a full stratigraphic column to bedrock was reached, showing there to be 8 or 9 distinct stratigraphic levels. These levels cover a time between about 3200 BC cal to 2500 BC cal. Evident of some later use of the site until 2200 BC is confirmed by AMS dating. These seasons revealed a series of large buildings, round buildings with square adjoining rooms and simple round buildings. Particularly notable are a series of ritual installations discovered in 2010 and 2012.
In July 2010, Simonyan announced that horse bones were found at the site. German paleozoologist Hans-Peter Uerpmann stated that many of these bones were from disturbed contexts, however, and the earliest clearly provenienced horse bone's come from Simonyan's Middle Bronze excavations at Nerkin Naver.
A popular press source unfortunately has been cited misstating information from a 2010 press conference in Yerevan. In that conference Rothman described the Uruk Expansion trading network, and the likelihood that raw materials and technologies from the South Caucasus had reached the Mesopotamian homeland, which somehow was misinterpreted to say that Armenian culture was a source of Mesopototamian culture, which is not true. The Kura Araxes (Shengavitian) cultures and societies are a unique mountain phenomenon, evolved parallel to but not the same as Mesopotamian cultures.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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